初中英語語法必備大全:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法:
在英語中主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can (could), may (might), must, have to, need , ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特征
(1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義,但詞義不完成,因此不能單獨(dú)作謂語,只能和其他的動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。
(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接的動(dòng)詞不定式一律不帶to。
(3)情態(tài)支詞不隨人稱變化而變(即不管是何人稱,后面接的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞都一樣)。
(4)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定都是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not”構(gòu)成的,如:can-can not may-may not need-need not
(5)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的疑問句的構(gòu)成
May I come in?我可以進(jìn)來嗎? Can you lend me some money?你能借給我一些錢嗎?
注意:含有have to 的句子變成疑問句時(shí)不同。如:
I have to go today,今天我必須走,
Do you have to go today?你今天必須走嗎?
2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法
(1)Can的用法
、俦硎倔w力或腦力方面的“能力”
Can you drive?你會(huì)開車嗎?
Can you speak English?你會(huì)說英語嗎?
Can you lift heavy box?你能將這個(gè)重箱子拎起來嗎?
、诒硎究陀^條件允許
You can skate on the lake.(The ice is thick enough.)
你可以在湖面上滑冰了(冰層夠厚的了)
The airplane can take off now.(The storm has stopped.)
飛機(jī)可以起飛了(暴風(fēng)雨停了)
You can’t park your car here. 你不能在此停車
、踓an用在否定句和疑問句中時(shí),有時(shí)表示說話人的懷疑,驚異、猜測(cè)或不肯定:
no, no, it can’t be true.不,不,這不可能是事實(shí)
How can you be so careless!你怎么會(huì)這么粗心
He can’t be in the library。他現(xiàn)在不會(huì)在圖書館
注意:a,在口語中can?捎脕泶鎚ay,來詢問或說明一件事能不能做
b, can 和 be able to在表示能力這一點(diǎn)是同義詞,
I can speak English.=I am able to speak English.
Could是 can的過去式,可以用來
、俦硎具^去的能力或“可能性”
I could run very fast when I was young. 我年輕時(shí)跑得很快
I couldn’t understand what he said at all. 我一點(diǎn)也聽不懂他說的話
②表示驚異、懷疑
How could you be so careless? 你怎么會(huì)這樣粗心
We thought the story could not be true. 我們當(dāng)時(shí)以為那個(gè)故事不會(huì)是真的。
、劭梢源鎐an用于現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn),如:
Could I use your bike?
我可以用一下你的自行車嗎?
You could do it this way.
你可以把這個(gè)男孩帶去
(2)may的用法
、儆脕碓儐柣虮硎驹(在此用法中may和第一人稱連用時(shí)都以疑問句形式出現(xiàn))
May I ask you a question?我可以問你一個(gè)問題嗎?
You may take the boy there.你可以把這個(gè)男孩帶去。
He may come if he likes.如果他想來,可以來
They may stay in our house.他們可以在我家歇息。
、诒硎菊f話人的猜測(cè),認(rèn)為某一事情“或許”或“可能”發(fā)生
We may call on you this evening
我們也許今天晚上會(huì)來看你(們)
She may not like this place
她可能不喜歡這個(gè)地方
Might 是 may的過去形式,表示詢問或允許或可能、推測(cè)等。如:
Might I give you a piece of advice?
我可否給你提個(gè)建議(Might 比 may更客氣)
He told me he might come.
他說他可能來(Might與told相呼應(yīng)都是過去式)
I was afraid he might not like this place.
我當(dāng)時(shí)擔(dān)心他可能不喜歡這個(gè)地主(Might 與was相呼應(yīng),都是表示過去!咀⒁狻浚篈。有時(shí)Might也可用來表示現(xiàn)在的事情,只是語氣較may更弱一些,可能性更小一些,如:
He might know her address. 他也許知道她的地址。
Be careful, you might break it. 小心點(diǎn),要不你可能會(huì)將它打碎
B.May(might)后加動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式可以表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)、認(rèn)為某事在過去“可能”發(fā)生,這一用法中may和might都指過去,不過might較may更含蓄或更不肯定。如:
He may (might) have watched TV the whole night.(For he looks very sleep)
他可能看了一夜電視(因?yàn)樗瓷先シ浅@Ь?
They might ( may) not have caught the train.他們可能沒趕緊上車。
(3)must的用法
①表示“必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)”。如:
We must rely on ourselves.
我們必須依靠自己
You must finish the work before four o’clock.
你必須在四點(diǎn)前干完這項(xiàng)工作
【注意】:A,在回答用must引的的疑問句時(shí),否定結(jié)構(gòu)只能用needn’t如:
Must I do this? No, you needn’t Yes, you must.
B,在表示“必須”這個(gè)意思時(shí),must的意思和have to是很接近的,只是have to 比較強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要,而must側(cè)重說明主觀看法,在下面情況下兩都就不宜換用:
It’s raining heavily, we can’t go now. I think we’ll have to wait till the rain stops.
雨下得太大了,我們現(xiàn)在無法走,我想我們只能等雨停了再走
We must ask for permission if we do it.
如果我們要干,一定要先征得同意。
、趍ust只有現(xiàn)在式而無其他時(shí)態(tài)變化,通常也只用來表示現(xiàn)在,但有時(shí)出可以用must表示過去(多用在間接引語中),如:
He told me I must do according to what he said. 他對(duì)我說,我必須按他說的做。
、踡ust也可表示推測(cè),但比may肯定得多,可譯成“一定”或“準(zhǔn)是”,如:
He must be in the library.他現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)在圖書館
It must be four in the morning now.現(xiàn)在一定是到了清晨四點(diǎn)鐘了
(4)have to的用法
后接動(dòng)詞原開,表示“不得不、必須”的意思,它比must更含有“客觀條件使得必須如此做”的意思。并有較多的時(shí)態(tài),如:
We have to get up early.
我們不得不早起
We will have to get up early tomorrow. 我們明天必須早起
We had to get up early at that time. 我們那時(shí)不得不早起
【注意】:在口語中常用have got to 來取代have to,如:
I’ve got to stay here.我不得不留在這里
(5)ought to 的用法
、俦硎“有義務(wù)或有必要”作某事
You ought to finish your work before you go home.
你每天回家前應(yīng)把工作做完
You ought not to be so careless. 你不應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣粗心
、诒硎痉浅?赡艿氖
His father ought to know his address.
他你親總該知道他的地址吧
If we start work right now, we ought to finish it before lunch.
如果我們現(xiàn)在開始干,午飯前應(yīng)當(dāng)能干完
、踥ught to 后接動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的完成時(shí),如用肯定結(jié)構(gòu),表示過去某事該做而未做,如用否定結(jié)構(gòu),則表示過去不該做的事情發(fā)生了。
You ought to have been more careful.
你應(yīng)當(dāng)更仔細(xì)些才是(但事實(shí)是當(dāng)時(shí)沒有仔細(xì)行事)
You ought not to have interrupted them.
你當(dāng)時(shí)不應(yīng)當(dāng)打斷他們(的談話),(但當(dāng)時(shí)的事實(shí)是打斷了別人的談話。)
【注意】:此用法相當(dāng)于”should (not) have done”結(jié)構(gòu)
(6)dare的用法
、賒are 表示“敢”的意思,它的過去時(shí)是dared
、诔”I dare say…”這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,dare極少用作肯定結(jié)構(gòu)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
、垡话阌迷诜穸ň浜鸵蓡柧渲校溆梦茨芎推渌閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣,即dare 不隨人稱變化而變,后面所跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。如:
I dare not tell the truth.
我不敢照實(shí)說出
Dare she go out alone at night?
她敢一個(gè)人夜間出去嗎?
Dare也有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞形式,在現(xiàn)在英語中,dare用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候更多一些。
(7)need的用法
①need表示“需要”,其用未能與dare 幾乎完全相同,即用于否定句和疑問句中,本身無變化。
、谠诳隙ň渲型ǔS胣eed有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞形式,用法同其他實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,如:
Need we do it again?我們需要再做一次嗎?
No, you needn’t do it again.不,不需要重做。
I think he needs to do it again.
我認(rèn)為他需要重新做一次。(此句中的needs是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)
【注意】:A,當(dāng)實(shí)主動(dòng)詞形式的need用于疑問句和否定句中時(shí),和其他實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的用法一樣。如:
Does he need to do it again? No, he doesn’t need to do it again.
B, need后面有名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語地,need是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,但后接動(dòng)名詞的句子相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語態(tài),如:
We need some more hands. 我們需要更多的幫手
The garden needs cleaning.(=The garden needs to be cleaned.) 院子要清掃了
The flowers need watering.(=The flowers need to be watered.) 花要澆水了
(8)shall的用法
主要用于第一人稱的疑問句中,表示征求對(duì)方意見。如:
What shall I do now?我現(xiàn)在該干點(diǎn)什么
Shall we go together?咱們一起走好嗎
(9) should的用法
、俦硎“勸告、建議”,譯作“應(yīng)當(dāng)”
You should study hard.你應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)
You should listen to the doctor’s advice.你應(yīng)當(dāng)聽大夫的話
We should help each other.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)互相幫助
、诒硎“推測(cè)、可能”
They should get home by now.他們現(xiàn)在該到家了
The book should be available in the bookstore.這本書在書店里可能有賣的
、酆蠼觿(dòng)詞不定式的完成式時(shí),表示過去的事情,肯定結(jié)構(gòu)表示該做沒做;否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示不該做,但發(fā)生了。
I should have written you earlier.我應(yīng)當(dāng)早引起給你寫回信(但沒寫)
You shouldn’t have told him this.你不應(yīng)當(dāng)把這告訴他。(但告訴了)
(10) will, would的用法
主要用于第二人稱的疑問句中,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求,would較 will更客氣些
Will you help me? 你能幫幫我嗎?
Would you like some tea? 你想喝點(diǎn)茶嗎?
Will you please tell me the way to the station? 請(qǐng)問到車站怎么走?
(11) used to的用法
后接動(dòng)詞原形,表示以前經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但現(xiàn)在不是這樣了(通常用于肯定句中)。
I used to get up early,我以前經(jīng)常早起(現(xiàn)在不是這樣了)
He used to read aloud everyday. 他以前天天朗讀(但現(xiàn)在不是了)
注意:句型“be + used to”后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞,表示“習(xí)慣……“:
I am not quite used to the weather, here. 我不大習(xí)慣這里的天氣
Are you used to the food in Beijing?你現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣吃北京的飯了嗎?
I’m used to getting up early.我習(xí)慣早起。
II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測(cè):
以must為例。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行;must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情;must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。
1. must“肯定,一定”語氣強(qiáng),只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也許”,后者語氣弱,更沒有把握?捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t語氣強(qiáng),用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推測(cè)某事本來可能發(fā)生,但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強(qiáng),常用于疑問句和否定句中)
【注意】:1.對(duì)現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè):
主要結(jié)構(gòu):…must / may / might +動(dòng)詞原形
be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語
be + doing
例句:
1. You must be Jeanne. I’m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.
2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.
3. The teacher must be joking.
4. Freda isn’t in class. She must be sick.
5. There must be something wrong.
6. She might be very clever, but she hasn’t got much common sense.
7. He may be arriving this evening.
8. He may be traveling around the world.
9. The keys can’t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.
10. Can the news be true ?
2.對(duì)過去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè):結(jié)構(gòu):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done / been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語。例句:
1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.
2. He couldn’t have seen Anna yesterday. She’s gone abroad.
3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.
4. He might have overslept again.
5. Where can Tom have gone ?
、.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)虛擬語氣:表達(dá)“本來…”,“不然早就…”。這是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一種虛擬語氣用法。表示說話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反。表達(dá)了說話人的埋怨,后悔的語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 have done 結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達(dá)的意思,有如下結(jié)構(gòu):
(1).should have done / ought to have done:本應(yīng)該……
(2).shouldn’t have done / oughtn’t to have done:本不該……
(3).could have done:本來可以……
(4).needn’t have done:本來沒必要……
(5).would like to have done:本來很想……
(6).would rather not have done: 本來不愿意……
(7).could / might / have done: 不然早就……
〈例句〉:1. You shouldn’t have laughed at his mistakes.
2. You could have told us earlier.
3. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.
4. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.
5. They would like to have seen that film last film.
6. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.
7. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.
、. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn):
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”,而can無法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外,兩者不能重疊使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣,而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好,不涉及現(xiàn)在。
3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別:
兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句。其形式為:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
注意:句型I dare say+從句。 意思是:我肯定…… = I’m sure或There is no doubt that+從句。例句:
I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.
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